Von Willebrand’s Disease in Dogs: 3 Types, Signs & Treatment

Von Willebrand’s Disease in Dogs

Von Willebrand’s disease (vWD) is the most common inherited bleeding disorder found in domestic dogs. This condition affects the dog’s ability to form blood clots properly, potentially leading to excessive bleeding from minor injuries or during surgical procedures. Understanding this disease is crucial for dog owners, especially those with breeds predisposed to the condition.

Unlike some other bleeding disorders, von Willebrand’s disease can vary significantly in severity. Some dogs may never show any signs of the condition throughout their lifetime, while others may experience spontaneous bleeding episodes that require immediate veterinary attention. The key to managing this disease lies in early detection, proper understanding, and implementing preventive measures to keep affected dogs safe.

Understanding Von Willebrand Factor

Von Willebrand factor is a protein in the blood that plays a critical role in the clotting process. This protein helps platelets stick together and also carries another important clotting factor called factor VIII. When a dog lacks sufficient von Willebrand factor, the blood cannot clot effectively, leading to prolonged bleeding times and increased risk of hemorrhage.

In dogs with von Willebrand’s disease, the body either produces insufficient amounts of this protein or produces a defective version that doesn’t function properly. This genetic condition is inherited, meaning affected dogs are born with the disorder and will have it for life. The severity of the disease depends on the amount and quality of von Willebrand factor the dog’s body produces.

Types of Von Willebrand’s Disease

Von Willebrand’s disease in dogs is classified into three distinct types, each varying in severity and inheritance patterns:

• Type 1 vWD: This is the most common form, accounting for the majority of cases. Dogs with Type 1 have reduced but partially functional von Willebrand factor. This type is usually mild to moderate in severity.
• Type 2 vWD: In this type, dogs produce von Willebrand factor that is qualitatively abnormal or defective, not just reduced in quantity. This can result in more severe bleeding problems.
• Type 3 vWD: This is the most severe form, where dogs have little to no von Willebrand factor. Dogs with Type 3 are at highest risk for spontaneous bleeding episodes.

Breeds Predisposed to Von Willebrand’s Disease

While von Willebrand’s disease can occur in any dog breed, certain breeds have significantly higher prevalence rates. The Doberman Pinscher is particularly prone to this condition, with a substantial portion of the breed carrying the disease. Other breeds with increased susceptibility include:

• German Shepherds
• Golden Retrievers
• Rottweilers
• Miniature Schnauzers
• Poodles
• Scottish Terriers
• Shetland Sheepdogs

If you own one of these breeds, discussing von Willebrand’s disease screening with your veterinarian is highly recommended, particularly before any surgical procedures.

Clinical Signs of Von Willebrand’s Disease

The symptoms of von Willebrand’s disease vary widely depending on the severity of the condition. Many dogs with vWD never show any outward evidence of the disease and live completely normal lives. However, when symptoms do appear, they can include:

• Nosebleeds or epistaxis
• Bleeding from the gums
• Blood in the urine
• Blood in the stool
• Excessive bleeding from the genitals
• Bleeding or bruising after minor trauma or injuries
• Prolonged bleeding after surgery or dental procedures
• Excessive bruising on the body
• Spontaneous hemorrhaging in severe cases

When Symptoms Appear

In many affected dogs, symptoms may not appear until the dog experiences trauma or undergoes surgery. A common scenario is when a female dog is spayed and experiences excessive bleeding after the procedure, revealing the underlying bleeding disorder for the first time. Female dogs may also exhibit excessive postpartum bleeding after giving birth. Young dogs typically develop symptoms by one year of age if they are going to show clinical signs at all.

Stress and Von Willebrand’s Disease

In humans with von Willebrand’s disease, emotional stress has been shown to precipitate bleeding episodes in some cases. While the evidence is less conclusive in dogs, it’s advisable to maintain a stress-free environment for dogs diagnosed with vWD. Owners should monitor their dogs closely during potentially stressful events such as travel, visits from house guests, or other changes to their routine that might cause anxiety or excitement.

Diagnosis of Von Willebrand’s Disease

Diagnosing von Willebrand’s disease requires specific laboratory tests. Your veterinarian will typically perform a bleeding time test or buccal mucosa bleeding time (BMBT) test, which measures how long it takes for bleeding to stop after a small incision is made. Additionally, your vet may perform tests to measure the level of von Willebrand factor in your dog’s blood.

Early diagnosis is particularly important for high-risk breeds. It is recommended that all Doberman Pinschers undergo coagulation testing before anesthesia and surgery due to the high prevalence in this breed. If your dog is scheduled for surgery and hasn’t been tested but there is suspicion for vWD based on breed or clinical signs, testing should be encouraged before the procedure.

Factors That Exacerbate Bleeding

Certain conditions and medications can worsen bleeding problems in dogs with von Willebrand’s disease. These exacerbating factors include:

• Thyroid insufficiency
• Other blood clotting disorders
• Hormonal fluctuations during estrus and pregnancy
• Systemic infections
• Medications such as aspirin, heparin, NSAIDs, and certain antibiotics

Dogs with von Willebrand’s disease should not be given these medications without careful consideration and veterinary guidance. Always inform your veterinarian about your dog’s vWD diagnosis before any medications are prescribed.

Treatment for Von Willebrand’s Disease

Unfortunately, there is no cure for von Willebrand’s disease. The condition is lifelong, but it can be effectively managed with proper care and preventive measures. Treatment focuses on preventing bleeding episodes and managing acute bleeding when it occurs.

Management of Mild to Moderate Cases

Most dogs with mild or moderate von Willebrand’s disease require minimal or no treatment and can enjoy a good quality of life. These dogs may go through their entire lives without experiencing any significant bleeding problems. Regular monitoring and avoiding situations that increase injury risk are typically sufficient for managing mild cases.

Emergency Treatment

In emergency situations where a dog with von Willebrand’s disease is experiencing severe bleeding, immediate veterinary intervention is necessary. The most effective emergency treatments include:

• Blood transfusions: Whole blood or plasma transfusions can provide von Willebrand factor and other clotting factors to stabilize a bleeding patient.
• Fresh frozen plasma (FFP): This blood product contains von Willebrand factor and can help control bleeding.
• Cryoprecipitate: This is considered the most effective blood component for treating severely affected dogs. Cryoprecipitate contains concentrated von Willebrand factor and has fewer associated transfusion reactions compared to FFP.

Desmopressin (DDAVP) Therapy

A hormone called desmopressin acetate (DDAVP) can be beneficial for dogs with von Willebrand’s disease, particularly Type 1 vWD. DDAVP works by triggering the release of von Willebrand factor from storage sites in the blood vessel walls into the bloodstream. After a 30-minute activation period, DDAVP shortens bleeding time for approximately 2 hours.

This medication is particularly helpful in preparing dogs for surgery but is not practical for day-to-day management. The donor dog may also be treated with DDAVP before blood collection, which raises the level of von Willebrand factor in the donor’s blood, providing additional benefit to the affected dog receiving the transfusion. However, DDAVP is quite costly, and not all dogs respond to the treatment.

Presurgical Management

If your dog requires surgery and has been diagnosed with von Willebrand’s disease, inform your veterinarian immediately. Your vet may recommend a transfusion of blood products to add von Willebrand factor to your dog’s bloodstream before the operation. For presurgical prophylaxis, cryoprecipitate can be administered just before surgery and then as needed (every 4 to 12 hours) if indicated.

Home Care and Prevention

Preventing injury is crucial for dogs with von Willebrand’s disease. The goal is to maintain a safe environment that minimizes the risk of trauma and subsequent hemorrhage. Strategies for keeping your dog safe include:

• Installing nonslip flooring throughout the home, especially for older dogs
• Maintaining appropriate nail length through regular, safe grooming and exercise
• Preventing physical disputes with other pets in the household
• Avoiding optional surgical procedures when possible
• Considering less invasive surgical techniques when surgery is necessary, such as laparoscopic spay surgery rather than traditional abdominal surgery
• Maintaining a calm, stress-free environment
• Monitoring the dog closely during potentially stressful situations

Quality of Life for Dogs with Von Willebrand’s Disease

Despite being a lifelong condition, von Willebrand’s disease does not prevent dogs from living normal, happy lives. With appropriate care and management, many dogs with this disorder can enjoy excellent quality of life. The key is working closely with your veterinarian to develop a management plan tailored to your individual dog’s needs and severity of disease.

Most dogs with mild or moderate vWD never experience serious bleeding problems and live their lives without significant restrictions. Even dogs with more severe forms of the disease can thrive with proper preventive care, informed owners, and access to appropriate medical care when needed.

Important Considerations Before Surgery

If your dog has von Willebrand’s disease or if there is any suspicion of the condition, informed consent for anesthesia and surgery must be obtained after the risks have been discussed with your veterinarian. Your vet will work with you to ensure that appropriate blood products are available and that the necessary precautions are taken to minimize bleeding risks during and after the procedure.

In-depth discussions about clinical signs and risk management planning should be conducted with you and your veterinarian, particularly if your dog has recently been diagnosed with the condition. This communication ensures you understand the disease, recognize warning signs, and know when to seek emergency care.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can von Willebrand’s disease be cured?

A: No, von Willebrand’s disease cannot be cured. It is a genetic condition that dogs are born with and will have for life. However, it can be effectively managed through preventive care and appropriate treatment when bleeding occurs.

Q: Will my dog with von Willebrand’s disease show symptoms?

A: Many dogs with von Willebrand’s disease never show any symptoms. Others may only show signs after experiencing trauma, surgery, or dental procedures. Symptoms depend on the severity of the disease and the type of von Willebrand factor deficiency your dog has.

Q: Is von Willebrand’s disease in dogs hereditary?

A: Yes, von Willebrand’s disease is inherited genetically. Dogs born to parents with the condition are at increased risk of developing it themselves. This is why screening is recommended for high-risk breeds before breeding.

Q: What should I tell my veterinarian before my dog has surgery?

A: You should inform your veterinarian if your dog has been diagnosed with von Willebrand’s disease or if there is any family history of bleeding disorders. This allows your vet to take appropriate precautions and have blood products available if needed.

Q: Can my dog with von Willebrand’s disease take aspirin or NSAIDs?

A: Dogs with von Willebrand’s disease should not take aspirin or NSAIDs without careful consideration and veterinarian guidance, as these medications can exacerbate bleeding problems. Always consult your vet before giving any medications to a dog with this condition.

Q: How is von Willebrand’s disease diagnosed?

A: Diagnosis typically involves blood tests that measure the level and function of von Willebrand factor, as well as bleeding time tests such as the buccal mucosa bleeding time (BMBT) test. Your veterinarian can perform these diagnostic tests.

Q: Should I avoid breeding my dog if it has von Willebrand’s disease?

A: Yes, dogs with von Willebrand’s disease should not be bred, as the condition is inherited and can be passed on to offspring. Responsible breeding practices include screening for the disease and excluding affected dogs from breeding programs.

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Sneha TeteBeauty & Lifestyle Writer

 

Sneha is a relationships and lifestyle writer with a strong foundation in applied linguistics and certified training in relationship coaching. She brings over five years of writing experience to fluffyaffair,  crafting thoughtful, research-driven content that empowers readers to build healthier relationships, boost emotional well-being, and embrace holistic living.

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